What changed between the draft committee report and the plenary report

MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION

6 unchanged paragraphs

on opportunities and challenges presented by a comprehensive artificial intelligence strategy for EU trade

(2025/2112(INI))

The European Parliament,

– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act)1,

– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)2,

– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2023/1781 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 establishing a framework of measures for strengthening Europe’s semiconductor ecosystem and amending Regulation (EU) 2021/694 (Chips Act)3,

Changed:– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1724 and (EU) 2019/10204,2019/1020 (Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA))4

Added:– having regard to the outcomes of the Critical Minerals Ministerial in Washington DC on 4 February 2026, and to ongoing EU-US cooperation to diversify and strengthen secure, sustainable critical raw materials supply chains essential for the EU’s competitiveness, advanced technologies and resilience in global markets,

– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2019/452 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2019 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union5,

– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2023/2675 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 November 2023 on the protection of the Union and its Member States from economic coercion by third countries6,

Added:– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2021/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2021 setting up a Union regime for the control of exports, brokering, technical assistance, transit and transfer of dual-use items7 (Dual-Use Regulation),

– having regard to the Commission communication of 19 November 2025 entitled ‘Data union strategy – unlocking data for AI’ (COM(2025)0835),

– having regard to the Commission communication of 24 January 2024 entitled ‘Advancing European economic security: an introduction to five new initiatives’ (COM(2024)0024),

– having regard to the joint communication from the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of 3 December 2025 entitled ‘Strengthening EU economic security’ (JOIN(2025)0977),

Added:– having regard to the joint communication from the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of 5 June 2025 entitled ‘An International Digital Strategy for the European Union’ (JOIN(2025)0140),

– having regard to the Commission communication of 9 April 2025 on the AI Continent Action Plan (COM(2025)0165),

Changed:– having regard to the Commission communication of 8 October 2025 entitled 'Apply‘Apply AI Strategy'Strategy’ (COM(2025)0723),

– having regard to the report by Mario Draghi of 9 September 2024 entitled ‘The future of European competitiveness’ (Draghi report),

– having regard to the report by Enrico Letta of 10 April 2024 entitled ‘Much more than a Market’ (Letta report),

Changed:– having regard to its resolution of 9 July 2025 on product safety and regulatory compliance in e-commerce and non-EU imports7,imports8,

Changed:– having regard to its resolution of 13 November 2025 on the draft Council decision on the conclusion of the Agreement on Digital Trade between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore8,Singapore9,

Added:– having regard to the principal role the World Trade Organization (WTO) plays in upholding a rules-based multilateral trading system, and to its importance for the deployment of emerging technologies including artificial intelligence in international trade,

Added:– having regard to WTO rules, in particular the principles of non-discrimination and of transparency regarding export restrictions,

– having regard to Rule 55 of its Rules of Procedure,

Changed:– having regard to the report of the Committee on International Trade (A10-0000/2026),(A10-0122/2026),

Change 1

Changed:A. whereas artificial intelligence (AI) is a general-purpose technology reshaping EU trade across goods, services and data flowsflows; bywhereas loweringAI has the potential to lower information and compliance costs, transformingtransform supply-chain management and expandingexpand digitally delivered services; whereas AI presentsand the power dynamics of the ownership of technology present significant challenges and transformative opportunities to strengthen the EU’s trade competitiveness; whereas EU trade policy is pivotal to ensuring a holistic external AI strategy that combines opennessopenness, transparency and safety with resilience and respect for fundamental rights, and supports predictable cross-border operations; whereas AI presents significant opportunities to enhance the efficiency and security of customs controls and market surveillance in the European Union, combating fraud, counterfeiting and unfair trade practices;

Change 2

Changed:B. whereas the rapid diffusion and deployment of AI is contributing to structural changes in the organisation, geography and governance of international services trade, with implications for competitiveness, employment and development; whereas AI open-source solutions offer significant advantages, including reduced costs and enhanced data privacy via local deployment, contributing to an increase in healthy competition in AI and reduced dependence from non-EU providers; whereas these changes interact with existing gaps in production capacity, infrastructure and skills within the EU and beyond; whereas maintaining an open, resilient and inclusive sustainable trade model requires a coherent and holistic strategy to manage AI-driven change; whereas the EU’s external economic relations, including with partners in the Global South, should support inclusive AI uptake and shared value creation;creation, while promoting a human-centric model based on an ethics-by-default principle focused on supporting human dignity;

Change 3

Changed:C. whereas cross-border data flows and access to data are critical for AI development, training and deployment;deployment, but need to be examined carefully in order to ensure that a high level of data protection remains guaranteed, notably for sensitive personal data such as health data; whereas digital trade rules increasingly shape AI competitiveness;competitiveness, underlining the need for provisions on regulatory cooperation in future trade agreements and the modernisation of existing ones; whereas the EU’s human-centric framework, anchored in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the AIArtificial Intelligence Act, provides a credible model for trustworthy AI that, if promoted internationally, can become a competitive advantage in markets valuing transparency and rights-respecting governance; whereas the WTO could be the appropriate forum for multilateral discussions on AI and trade to address competitive distortions, trade barriers, and risks of regulatory fragmentation, ensuring predictable, fair, and rights-respecting digital trade;

Change 4

Changed:D. whereas AI use remains uneven across sectors, regions and company sizes, with advantages accruing to actors controlling data, computing power and skills, risking widened productivity and export gaps for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and companies adopting AI at a later stage; whereas AI-enabled trade competitiveness depends on access to data, computecomputing capacity, energy, connectivity, capital and skills, and many of these factors are influenced by trade and investment relations; whereas the EU attracted only six6 percent% of global investment in AI startupsstart-ups in the first half of 2024, creating structural dependencies;dependencies which have an impact on trade relations and European strategic autonomy; whereas fair access to AI infrastructure is essential for SMEs to remain competitive, as they face significant hurdles compared to large corporations, including high costs of compute resources, limited data access, and a shortage of technical talent;

Change 5

Removed:E. whereas the AI supply chain is highly concentrated in a small number of countries and regions, leaving the EU dependent on foreign powers for access to critical computing power and semiconductors; whereas intensifying technological competition between the United States, China, and the EU, marked by divergent AI governance models, tariff escalation and export controls on critical technologies, heightens the risk that access to key AI inputs will be used as geopolitical leverage against the EU;

Added:E. whereas AI remains a rapidly evolving technology; whereas premature or excessive regulatory intervention risks undermining innovation, investment and competitiveness; whereas a proportionate, risk-based and innovation-friendly approach is essential;

Added:F. whereas the AI supply chain is highly concentrated in a small number of countries and regions, creating a risk of dependencies for access to critical computing power, raw materials and semiconductors; whereas foreign-owned critical AI infrastructure increases the risk of foreign information manipulation and interference; whereas the misuse of algorithms can undermine democracy and add to current geopolitical trade tensions; whereas intensifying global technological competition marked by divergent AI governance models, tariff escalation, and export controls on critical technologies, heightens the risk that access to key AI inputs will be used as geopolitical leverage; whereas some external interference risks diluting the EU’s high standards in transparency, accountability, and fundamental rights protection, thereby compromising the Union’s ability to uphold its values, ensure a level playing field for businesses, and protect citizens from the risks of unregulated AI and digital technologies; whereas the EU should continue defending these standards; whereas the EU should strengthen strategic autonomy by diversifying supply chains and deepening cooperation with trusted partners that share democratic values and a commitment to open and rules-based trade;

Added:G. whereas AI development and adoption rely on access to global markets and technologies, which are impacted by trade policy frameworks; whereas the WTO supports AI development and adoption by enabling more open, transparent and predictable trade in AI-enabled goods and services; whereas existing WTO agreements already make significant contributions to AI development and adoption, including the Information Technology Agreement, which lowers AI hardware deployment costs, the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), which promotes regulatory transparency and international standards, the General Agreement on Trade in Services, which facilitates AI-related services trade, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, which supports AI development and dissemination;

Added:H. whereas the dual-use nature and growing militarisation of AI, including its deployment in contemporary conflicts such as Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, are accelerating a shift from safety-focused cooperation towards AI-driven geo-economic and security competition; whereas AI governance, export controls, and standards are increasingly used as tools of strategic influence and power projection;

Added:I. whereas AI can be employed in weapons systems and mass surveillance tools; whereas such practices will create profound ethical and human rights concerns; whereas the United Nations Secretary General has called for a global ban on lethal autonomous weapon systems, machines capable of taking human lives without human oversight;

AI for trade facilitation and regulatory enforcement

Change 6

Changed:1. Recognises that AI can accelerate EU exports,exports and imports, especially for SMEs, by reducing market-entry barriers and compliance costs, enabling firms to reach markets that were previously beyond their reach;reach, provided that SMEs have fair access to AI infrastructure; calls on the Commission to integrate trustworthy AI advisory services into the Access2Markets portal and the Single Entry Point to navigate tariffs, rules of origin and regulatory requirements; calls on the Commission to prioritise SME-friendly AI tools and ensure that digital compliance solutions remain simple, affordable and accessible;

Change 7

Changed:2. Notes that AI can help cut delays and costs in EU supply chains by improving planning and coordination; calls on the Commission to make paperless trade the norm and promote the sharing of reliable information between operators and authorities; calls for investment in AI-enabled logistics that ease bottlenecks at ports and corridors, and support for greener logistics through smarter routing and maintenance; calls on the Commission to incentivise open-source AI solutions that contribute to increased competition and reduce dependence on non-EU providers; emphasises that digitalisation and AI-enabled logistics should lead to greater productivity, efficiency and supply chain management, lower trade costs and reduced administrative burdens;

Change 8

Changed:3. Notes the potential role of AI in strengthening customs and border controls amid market overcapacity and the limitations of human inspections;inspections in the face of the challenges posed by the influx of goods, in particular small parcels coming from China; calls on the Commission,Commission to provide resources and skills to market surveillance and customs authorities, also through the strengthened cooperation among Member States in the EU Customs Data Hub, to ensure that AI use enhances enforcement capacity and data sharing among authorities,authorities; andcalls upholdson the Commission to investigate the potential of AI to uphold compliance of imported goods with EU law;law, enhance real-time traceability and customs control of imported products and market surveillance, deploy secure and dedicated AI tools to systematically analyse data from small parcels or secure product traceability throughout the supply chain in order to combat counterfeit goods, customs fraud, unfair trade practices and circumvention of EU-imposed sanctions; highlights that such AI systems would constitute critical infrastructure and should therefore remain independent and sovereign; calls on the Commission to ensure that these tools strictly comply with the relevant EU legislation;

Change 9

Removed:AI and structural changes in goods and services trade, labour and development

Added:4. Notes that AI can be a useful tool for companies, customs authorities and market surveillance authorities to uphold the protection of human rights by facilitating effective implementation and compliance with EU rules such as the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive10, the Deforestation Regulation11, or the EU Forced Labour Regulation12, and uphold consumer protection by facilitating effective implementation and compliance with EU rules such as the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH), CE marking, and the General Product Safety Regulation13;

Removed:4. Stresses that Europe’s competitiveness in goods trade will increasingly depend on AI-enabled productivity and quality gains in strategic industrial value chains, including manufacturing, automotive, pharmaceutical and energy technologies; calls on the Commission to reflect these interests systematically in trade negotiations by securing effective market access, robust disciplines on non-tariff barriers, and enforceable provisions that maintain a level playing field by preventing unfair competition and technology-related distortions;

Added:AI and structural changes in goods and services trade, and trade and sustainable development

Removed:5. Warns that AI is reshaping trade in digitally delivered services by commoditising expertise, eroding Europe’s historic comparative advantage in high-value professional, technical and business services; underlines that responding to intensified global competition in services trade requires the massive mobilisation of investment envisaged in the Draghi and Letta reports; urges the Commission to mobilise trade and investment partnerships to attract capital and talent and to scale up European companies;

Added:5. Acknowledges that Europe’s competitiveness in goods trade will increasingly depend on AI-enabled productivity and quality gains in strategic industrial value chains, including manufacturing, automotive, pharmaceutical and energy technologies; calls on the Commission to reflect these interests systematically in trade negotiations by securing effective market access, robust disciplines on non-tariff barriers, and enforceable provisions that maintain a level playing field by preventing unfair competition and technology-related distortions, while recognising the EU’s right to regulate;

Removed:6. Recognises AI’s potential to reshape work and labour markets globally; warns of displacement risks from automation, AI-enabled services trade, and widening skills gaps in the EU workforce; calls on the Commission to analyse, within the impact assessments of free trade agreements, which sectors are likely to be affected by AI and to assess the impact of AI use on workers’ rights;

Added:6. Recognises that AI is reshaping trade in digitally delivered services by commoditising expertise thus requiring additional efforts to preserve Europe’s historic comparative advantage in high-value professional, technical and business services; underlines that responding to intensified global competition in services trade requires mobilising investment and improving access to finance as envisaged in the Draghi and Letta reports; urges the Commission to mobilise trade and investment partnerships to attract capital and talent and to scale up European companies;

Removed:7. Warns that the digital divide risks excluding partners in the Global South from AI-driven growth opportunities, increasing dependency on imported models; calls on the Commission to make use of digital inclusion provisions in trade and sustainable development chapters and digital trade agreements to support AI adoption and productivity gains, and to focus Global Gateway capacity building on open-source AI ecosystems and local capabilities, fostering resilient, mutually beneficial trade and investment relations;

Added:7. Recognises AI’s potential to reshape work and labour markets globally; warns of displacement risks from automation, AI-enabled services trade, and widening skills gaps in the EU workforce; highlights therefore the need to adopt strategies in order to anticipate these changes and adapt the workforce accordingly; notes that the development and deployment of AI models and systems have negative environmental consequences, including increased electricity demand and water consumption; calls on the Commission to analyse, within the impact assessments of free trade agreements, which sectors are likely to be affected by AI and to assess the impact of AI use on workers’ rights and on the environment;

Added:8. Warns that the digital divide risks excluding partners in the Global South from AI-driven growth opportunities, increasing dependency on imported models; stresses that cooperation supporting AI tool use in developing countries should reinforce the multilateral trading system and be promoted through the WTO framework; calls on the Commission to make use of digital inclusion provisions in trade and sustainable development chapters and digital trade agreements to support AI adoption and productivity gains as well as to foster inclusive and trustworthy AI through dedicated international cooperation programmes and capacity-building initiatives under existing EU external instruments, including training programmes and access to digital and AI infrastructure; calls on the Commission to focus Global Gateway capacity building on open-source and ethical AI ecosystems and local capabilities, fostering resilient, mutually beneficial trade and investment relations;

Added:9. Notes that open-source AI solutions, by enabling transparent reuse and independent testing, offer significant advantages, including reduced costs and enhanced data privacy via local deployment, contributing to an increase in healthy competition in AI and reduced dependence on non-EU providers, while supporting auditable, locally adapted AI solutions co-developed with partners in the Global South; stresses that embedding such cooperation in EU trade policy and Digital Partnerships can diversify partnerships, reduce reliance on a few proprietary ecosystems, and strengthen long-term geopolitical ties; calls on the Commission to incentivise open-source AI solutions, which contribute to reducing the dependence from non-EU providers; underlines that open-source collaboration should include projects relating to AI for the public good, such as tackling climate change, supporting the clean transition, and improving healthcare and food security;

Digital trade governance, regulatory cooperation and multilateral rules

Change 10

Changed:8.10. Highlights the strategic role of digital partnerships and Trade and Technology Councils with like-minded partnerspartners, which share democratic values, high standards of governance and a commitment to open and rules-based trade in projecting the EU’s value-driven, human-centric and risk-based approach to AI; calls for Parliament’s enhanced inclusion in Trade and Technology Councils; calls on the Commission to implement the International Digital Strategy through coordinated positions in the G7, G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,Development (OECD), and the United Nations, and structured regulator-to-regulator cooperation to drive global convergence on high standards of AI safety and fundamental rights protection;

Change 11

Removed:9. Underlines that AI-enabled trade requires lawful data flows; reaffirms that safeguards meeting GDPR or equivalent standards are the EU’s primary mechanism for personal data transfers; calls for digital trade agreements to facilitate non-personal flows, protect regulatory autonomy and preserve the technical access needed by regulators to enforce the AI Act and the GDPR;

Added:11. Stresses the need to defend and promote, particularly in multilateral forums, the EU’s human-centric AI model as an international standard and the Artificial Intelligence Act as a benchmark that can help align transparency and safety standards while keeping trade open and predictable; calls on the Commission to strengthen cooperation on AI standards, technological innovation and secure supply chains with trusted partners and like-minded countries, including through bilateral partnerships and multilateral forums, prioritising partners that uphold democratic values and the rules-based international order; notes that advanced AI systems create cross-border challenges, and calls on the Commission to work towards a global minimum floor of protections against the most serious risks as a basis for interoperable and trustworthy governance, notably through international initiatives such as the Global Partnership on AI, the OECD’s AI principles, and the UNESCO’s AI ethics framework;

Removed:10. Recalls the EU’s commitment to a rules-based multilateral trading system and underlines the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) relevance as a forum to advance digital trade affecting AI-enabled services; stresses that balanced rules on cross-border data flows and consumer protection under the Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce initiative are vital to unlock AI-enabled trade; calls on the Commission to pursue the integration of those rules into the WTO legal architecture;

Added:12. Underlines that, beyond a global minimum floor of protections, a coalition of like-minded partners who share the EU human-centric approach is needed to move faster on implementing high standards of AI safety, transparency, accountability, and fundamental rights, notably through structured regulatory dialogue to address disputes, exchange best practices and adapt commitments in the light of technological developments; further calls on the Commission to couple regulatory convergence on high safety and fundamental-rights standards with concrete capacity-building, including joint investment in secure and affordable computing and testing capabilities, talent and skills partnerships to reduce strategic dependence and create credible implementation models that partner countries can align with, strengthening trustworthy AI as a foundation for open and resilient digital trade;

Removed:11. Warns that diverging AI compliance regimes risk fragmenting markets and raising trade costs; calls on the Commission to use international standards and WTO technical barriers to trade and transparency disciplines as tools to prevent regulatory divergence from becoming a de facto trade barrier, while preserving and leveraging the EU’s AI governance framework to facilitate trusted digital trade;

Added:13. Underlines that lawful and secure data flows are essential for AI-enabled trade; recalls the need for EU digital trade agreements to comply with the Commission’s horizontal provisions on cross-border data flows and protection of personal data and privacy in the Digital Trade Title of EU trade agreements, which allow the Union to include measures facilitating cross-border data flows in trade agreements while preserving individuals’ fundamental rights to data protection and privacy, highlighting that they should include dedicated provisions on regulatory cooperation on AI, facilitating mutual understanding of regulatory approaches and invites the Commission to include such provisions in all future digital trade chapters and agreements; reaffirms that safeguards meeting GDPR or equivalent standards are minimum requirements for EU personal data transfers; calls for digital trade agreements to protect regulatory autonomy and preserve the technical access needed by regulators to enforce the AI Act and ensure transparency, auditability, fairness, safety and accountability of AI systems, while ensuring civil society and independent researchers have access to systems’ source code and algorithms;