opinion parliamentary committee, 4 June 2026
On the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of European Business Wallets
Document IMCO-AD-786736 · (COM(2025)0838 – C100305/2025 – 2025/0358(COD))
Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection · Rapporteur: Veronika Cifrová Ostrihoňová
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Text 342 paragraphs
AMENDMENT
The Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection submits the following to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, as the committee responsible:
Amendment 1
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 3
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (3) In order to foster a competitive and digital European economy, and to facilitate cross-border business, it is necessary to establish a seamless and secure environment for digital interaction between economic operators and public sector bodies in different configurations. | (3) In order to foster a competitive, resilient and digital European economy, reduce administrative burdens, in particular for small and medium sized economic operators, and to facilitate cross-border business, it is necessary to establish a seamless and secure environment for digital interaction between economic operators and between those and public sector bodies in different configurations. |
Amendment 2
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 4
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (4) In order to ensure the interoperability and security of European Business Wallets, the technical specifications established in Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and subsequent implementing regulations established pursuant to that Regulation as well as the technology and standards developments and the work carried out on the basis of Recommendation (EU) 2021/946, and in particular the Architecture and Reference Framework, should apply, with the specifications laid down in this Regulation taking precedence in the event of any inconsistency. | (4) In order to ensure a high degree of interoperability, security and technological neutrality of European Business Wallets, the technical specifications established in Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and subsequent implementing regulations established pursuant to that Regulation as well as relevant technological developments, open standards, where appropriate, and the work carried out on the basis of Recommendation (EU) 2021/946, and in particular the Architecture and Reference Framework, should apply. The development of European Business Wallets should be based on interoperable and, where appropriate, open standards, ensuring compatibility across systems and Member States. A common European architecture and strong governance at Union level should be ensured, including alignment with the European Digital Identity Framework, in order to guarantee consistency, avoid fragmentation and support the effective functioning of the internal market. The specifications laid down in this Regulation taking precedence in the event of any inconsistency. |
Amendment 3
Proposal for a regulation
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Recital 5
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (5) In order to enhance the functioning of the digital single market, ensure interoperability and reduce administrative burdens, it is essential to ensure compatibility between and European Business Wallets and existing systems and solutions at both Union and national level. As prescribed by the Interoperable Europe Act and to enhance secure and efficient data exchanges across the Union, the implementation of the European Business Wallets should, to the extent possible, where appropriate and following technical analysis, make use of existing EU digital infrastructures and building blocks, including those developed under the Once Only Technical System, the Business Registers Interconnection System and the European Digital Identity Wallet, thereby ensuring complementarity, interoperability, and efficient use of public resources. | (5) In order to enhance the functioning of the digital single market, facilitate innovation, ensure interoperability and reduce unnecessary administrative burdens for businesses and public bodies, it is essential to ensure compatibility between the various European Business Wallets as well as between the European Business Wallets and existing systems and solutions at both Union and national level. As prescribed by the Interoperable Europe Act and to enhance secure and efficient data exchanges across the Union, the implementation of the European Business Wallets should, to the extent possible, where appropriate and following technical analysis, make use of existing EU digital infrastructures and building blocks, including those developed under the Once Only Technical System, the Business Registers Interconnection System and the European Digital Identity Wallet, thereby ensuring complementarity, interoperability, and efficient use of public resources. |
Amendment 4
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 5 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (5a) In order to ensure digital sovereignty, operational autonomy of European Business Wallets and a high level of security and protection of data, Business Wallets should be hosted, to the extent technically feasible and where appropriate, on cloud infrastructure that is established and operated in the Union in line with applicable Union law on cloud services. This should enable providers to offer secure and trustworthy services and should protect data of European Business Wallet owners in accordance with EU standards and regulations. To that end, providers should, where appropriate, ensure that data is stored and processed within the Union, in particular where this is necessary to safeguard the security, confidentiality and integrity of the system. In all cases, data processing should comply with Union law and should not undermine effective jurisdiction, supervision and enforcement within the Union's internal market. |
Amendment 5
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 6
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (6) The European Business Wallets are a digital tool for economic operators to interact with public sector bodies in the context of meeting reporting obligations and fulfilling administrative procedures. The use of the core functionalities of the European Business Wallets to identify and authenticate, sign or seal, submit documents and send or receive notifications should be without prejudice to procedural requirements that might be part of an administrative procedure and that cannot be fulfilled by the core functionalities of the European Business Wallets. These procedural requirements may include any additional safeguards or verifications, such as checks to ensure the awareness or understanding of the contents of a document or the implications of the signature of a contract, or specific actions that are required as part of an administrative procedure and are not supported by the core functionalities of the European Business Wallets. Public sector bodies should therefore ensure that all relevant procedural requirements are met, including any specific actions or processes which need to be fulfilled as part of an administrative procedure and which cannot be performed through the European Business Wallets. | (6) The European Business Wallets are a digital tool for economic operators to interact securely with public sector bodies and other businesses in the context of meeting reporting obligations and fulfilling administrative procedures as well as promoting the reuse of robust and trusted functionalities in business-to-business operations. At the same time, it should be assured that the core functionalities of the European Business Wallets cannot be used to circumvent Union or Member State law that aims to protect the public interest. The use of the core functionalities of the European Business Wallets to identify and authenticate, sign or seal, request or share electronic attestations of attributes, submit documents and send or receive notifications should be without prejudice to procedural requirements that might be part of an administrative procedure and that cannot be fulfilled by the core functionalities of the European Business Wallets. These procedural requirements may include any additional safeguards or verifications, such as checks to ensure the awareness or understanding of the contents of a document or the implications of the signature of a contract, or specific actions that are required as part of an administrative procedure and are not supported by the core functionalities of the European Business Wallets. Public sector bodies should therefore ensure that all relevant procedural requirements are met, including any specific actions or processes which need to be fulfilled as part of an administrative procedure and which cannot be performed through the European Business Wallets. |
Amendment 6
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 7
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (7) Public sector bodies have the flexibility to decide how to ensure that they can accept European Business Wallets considering the diversity of their IT infrastructure and their needs for interoperability. This approach allows public sector bodies to maintain their existing operational frameworks, while benefiting from the advantages of the European Business Wallets. | (7) Public sector bodies have the flexibility to decide how to ensure that they can accept European Business Wallets considering the diversity of their IT infrastructure and their needs for interoperability. This approach allows public sector bodies to maintain their existing operational frameworks, while benefiting from the advantages of the European Business Wallets. The exercise of that flexibility should respect the principle of proportionality and should not create unnecessary technical or administrative burdens, notably on micro-enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises. |
Amendment 7
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 7 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (7a) The European Digital Identity Cooperation Group should support the implementation of the European Business Wallets, facilitate cross-border interoperability of digital wallets, and facilitate the progressive alignment of existing solutions with the European Business Wallets framework, while avoiding unnecessary transition costs or duplication of infrastructures. |
Amendment 8
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 9 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (9a) In order to support consistent implementation and prevent misuse, the Commission should provide Member States and economic operators, especially SMEs, with clear guidance, technical assistance and user education resources. The Commission, in cooperation with Member States, should promote a common understanding of key concepts and ensure the consistent use of terminology across the Union, thereby facilitating the proper functioning of the internal market, including with regard to the identification of legal entities and the attributes associated with them. |
Amendment 9
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 10 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (10a) The early and effective use of European Business Wallets by public authorities can encourage economic operators, including SMEs, sole traders and self-employed persons, to adopt and use those wallets in their interactions with public authorities and with other economic operators, thereby contributing to the effective functioning of the internal market and reducing administrative burdens. |
Amendment 10
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 11
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (11) In order to reduce administrative burden and improve competitiveness, all entities conducting economic activities, including companies, organisations, self-employed persons, sole traders and any other type of business, regardless of size, sector or legal form, should be able to use European Business Wallets. To ensure that legally valid notifications, and documents can be exchanged, and reporting obligations fulfilled by means of European Business Wallets, it is necessary to establish a reliable and secure communication channel that can be used by European Business Wallet owners across the Union. A qualified electronic registered delivery service (‘QERDS’) should therefore be integrated as a secure communication channel in the European Business Wallets, and should enable the secure and legally valid exchange of information between parties, as provided for in Article 43 of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014. | (11) In order to reduce unnecessary administrative burden and improve competitiveness, all entities conducting economic activities, including companies, organisations, self-employed persons, sole traders and any other type of business, regardless of size, sector or legal form, should be able to use European Business Wallets. To ensure that legally valid notifications, and documents can be exchanged, and reporting obligations fulfilled by means of European Business Wallets, it is necessary to establish a reliable and secure communication channel that can be used by European Business Wallet owners across the Union. A qualified electronic registered delivery service (‘QERDS’) should therefore be integrated as a secure communication channel in the European Business Wallets, and should enable the secure and legally valid exchange of information between parties, as provided for in Article 43 of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014. |
Amendment 11
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 11 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (11a) In light of the role of European Business Wallets as part of the Union’s digital infrastructure, and in order to safeguard integrity, accountability and a high level of trust, while contributing to a competitive and resilient internal market, providers of qualified electronic registered delivery services (QERDS) that are integrated into European Business Wallets should be established within the Union and have their principal place of business and core operations therein. Such providers should ensure a high level of security of data stored or exchanged within the European Business Wallet ecosystem and should not present a risk to the security of the Union. In particular, they should not be directly or indirectly controlled by a third country or by a third-country entity. |
Amendment 12
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 12
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (12) In order to provide a tailored solution for self-employed persons and sole traders, it is essential to ensure the seamless integration of European Digital Identity Wallets with European Business Wallets. That integration should enable those persons to authenticate using their European Digital Identity Wallet and access trust services offered for the European Business Wallets, including the QERDS established as a secure communication channel in this Regulation, using those Wallets, without the need to create a separate business identity. Providers of European Business Wallets should therefore be allowed to offer the secure communication channel as a standalone service to self-employed persons and sole traders that use European Digital Identity Wallets in a business capacity, with ensured interoperability to facilitate app switching, as well as trust services such as electronic signatures and qualified and non-qualified time stamping services. Such access to the secure communication channel for self-employed persons and sole traders, should be promoted by ensuring an offer, at reasonable and affordable prices, that reflects the usage needs and is accompanied by terms of use that do not impose an undue burden on those persons. | (12) In order to provide a common solution specifically tailored to the needs of self-employed persons and sole traders, it is essential to ensure a common technical framework for European Digital Identity Wallets and European Business Wallets. That integration should enable those persons to authenticate using their European Digital Identity Wallet and access trust services offered for the European Business Wallets, allowing wallet providers to issue specialised or common solutions supported on European Digital Identity Wallets or European Business Wallets, including the QERDS established as a secure communication channel in this Regulation, using those Wallets, without the need to create a separate business identity. Providers of European Business Wallets should therefore be allowed to offer the secure communication channel as a standalone service to self-employed persons and sole traders that use European Digital Identity Wallets in a business capacity, with ensured interoperability to facilitate app switching, as well as trust services such as electronic signatures and qualified and non-qualified time stamping services. In order to ensure accessibility and uptake, such access to the secure communication channel for self-employed persons and sole traders, should be promoted by ensuring an offer, at reasonable and affordable prices, that reflects the usage needs and is accompanied by terms of use that do not impose unnecessary burden on those persons |
Amendment 13
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 13
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (13) The European Business Wallets, in combination with Regulation (EU) 2018/1724, should support the forthcoming 28th Regime(5 ) by providing the digital infrastructure for fully digital procedures, enabling start-ups and scale-ups to conduct EU-wide operations in a rapid and efficient manner. The Business Wallets should provide the digital infrastructure for the 28th Regime's digital-first strategy, streamlining cross-border interactions and reducing administrative burden, such as facilitating the secure storing and signature of contracts and certificates or submitting, receiving and sharing electronic applications and documents. By providing this infrastructure, the Business Wallets should help make the "digital by default" principle a reality, facilitating the growth and development of EU companies and enhancing their competitiveness. | (13) The European Business Wallets, in combination with Regulation (EU) 2018/1724, should support the forthcoming 28th Regime(5) by providing the digital infrastructure for fully digital procedures, enabling SMEs, start-ups and scale-ups to conduct EU-wide operations in a rapid and efficient manner. The Business Wallets should provide the digital infrastructure for the 28th Regime's digital-first strategy, streamlining cross-border interactions and reducing unnecessary administrative burden, such as facilitating the secure storing and signature of contracts and certificates or submitting, receiving and sharing electronic applications and documents. By providing this infrastructure, the Business Wallets should help make the "digital by default" principle a reality, facilitating the growth and development of EU companies and enhancing their competitiveness. . |
| 5 European Commission, Call for Evidence: 28th regime – a single harmonized set of rules for innovative companies throughout the EU, 8th of July, available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/14674-28th-regime-a-single-harmonized-set-of-rules-for-innovative-companies-throughout-the-EU_en | 5 European Commission, Call for Evidence: 28th regime – a single harmonized set of rules for innovative companies throughout the EU, 8th of July, available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/14674-28th-regime-a-single-harmonized-set-of-rules-for-innovative-companies-throughout-the-EU_en |
Amendment 14
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 13 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (13a) In order to maximise the benefits of administrative simplification and promote the uptake of European Business Wallets across the Union, particular attention should be given to the needs of SMEs, sole traders and self-employed persons. The use of European Business Wallets should not create unnecessary financial, administrative or other burdens for such economic operators compared to larger companies. European Business Wallets should therefore be accessible, affordable and easy to use. |
Amendment 15
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 13 b (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (13b) While promoting digital-by-default interactions, the transition towards a fully digital ecosystem should not create barriers to participation in the internal market, in particular for SMEs, start-ups, self-employed persons and other actors with limited resources or digital skills. Particular attention should be paid to accessibility requirements, including for persons with disabilities, in accordance with Union law. Measures should therefore ensure affordability, ease of use and proportionality, thereby supporting uptake and innovation. |
Amendment 16
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 13 c (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (13c) In order to ensure coherence with Union company law and reduce administrative burden in cross-border activities, European Business Wallets should facilitate interoperability with digital company-law tools established under Union law, in particular the EU Company Certificate and the digital EU power of attorney. |
Amendment 17
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 15
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (15) In order to ensure the proper issuance and integration of European Business Wallets throughout the operations and systems of Union entities, this Regulation should have due regard to the specific nature and structure of such institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. To ensure the respect of administrative autonomy and security of Union entities. They should be allowed to acquire European Business Wallets from already established providers of European Business Wallets, or develop their own European Business Wallets or act themselves as provider for Union entities. Where Union entities act as providers of European Business Wallets, they should also be subject to a supervisory framework. In such cases, the Commission should be tasked to the supervise the provision of European Business Wallets by Union entities. | (15) In order to ensure the proper issuance and integration of European Business Wallets throughout the operations and systems of Union entities, this Regulation should have due regard to the specific nature and structure of such institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. To ensure the respect of administrative autonomy and security of Union entities, they should be allowed to acquire European Business Wallets from already established providers of European Business Wallets, or develop their own European Business Wallets or act themselves as provider for Union entities. Where Union entities act as providers of European Business Wallets, they should also be subject to a supervisory framework. In such cases, the Commission should be tasked to supervise the provision of European Business Wallets by Union entities and ensure that there is no distortion of competition as regards commercial providers. |
Amendment 18
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 17
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (17) The European Business Wallets should allow individuals granted the power to act on behalf of an entity in legal, financial, and administrative matters to exercise their functions by signing any attestations, declarations, or documents executed through a legally valid electronic signature within the meaning of Regulation (EU) 910/2014, which establishes that electronic signatures shall have the equivalent legal effect of a handwritten signature. | (17) The European Business Wallets should allow individuals granted the power to act on behalf of an entity in legal, financial, and administrative matters to exercise their functions by signing any attestations, declarations, or documents executed through a legally valid electronic signature within the meaning of Regulation (EU) 910/2014, which establishes that qualified electronic signatures shall have the equivalent legal effect of a handwritten signature. |
Amendment 19
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 18
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (18) To support the delegation of powers and mandates within a professional context, the European Business Wallets should incorporate a mandate and role-based authorisation system that governs access to services and transactions within the European Business Wallet in such a way as to preserve the integrity of the identity of the owner of that Wallet. That system should enable economic operators and public sector bodies to assign rights to authorised representatives through clearly defined technical mandates allowing the owner of a specific European Business Wallet to grant full rights to generally use the solution and act on its behalf, and an administrative mandate, allowing the owner of a Business Wallet to assign roles and responsibilities to various users of the solution within their organisation. This authorisation system should ensure compatibility with the EU digital power of attorney, as established by Directive (EU) 2025/25 of the European Parliament and of the Council6 . This authorisation system should be robust and scalable, to ensure that economic operators and public sector bodies, as the owners of European Business Wallets, can delegate authority to multiple users, including employees or other authorised natural or legal persons, thereby facilitating the efficient and secure management of internal activities and ensuring that access to European Business Wallets and their functions is controlled and auditable. This system should govern access to services and transactions within the European Business Wallet, preserving the integrity of the owners' identities. | (18) To support the delegation of powers and mandates within a professional context, the European Business Wallets should incorporate a mandate, role-based and secure authorisation system that governs access to services and transactions within the European Business Wallet in such a way as to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of the identity of the owner of that Wallet. That system should enable economic operators and public sector bodies to assign rights to authorised representatives through clearly defined technical mandates allowing the owner of a specific European Business Wallet to grant full rights to generally use the solution and act on its behalf, and an administrative mandate, allowing the owner of a Business Wallet to assign roles and responsibilities to various users of the solution within their organisation. This authorisation system should allow the use of European Digital Identity Wallets, but should not require users to have them, as the use of European Digital Wallets remains voluntary. This authorisation system should ensure compatibility with the EU digital power of attorney, as established by Directive (EU) 2025/25 of the European Parliament and of the Council. This authorisation system should be robust, scalable and with seamless application, to ensure that economic operators and public sector bodies, as the owners of European Business Wallets, can delegate authority to multiple users, including employees or other authorised natural or legal persons, thereby facilitating the efficient and secure management of internal activities and ensuring that access to European Business Wallets and their functions is controlled and auditable. This Regulation should not prevent a natural or legal person from managing or operating multiple European Business Wallets on behalf of economic operators, public sector bodies, subsidiaries, affiliates, or other entities, where duly authorised to do so under applicable mandates or arrangements. This may include, for example, a business group structure in which a parent undertaking centrally manages or operates European Business Wallets on behalf of several subsidiary companies within the same corporate group. This system should govern access to services and transactions within the European Business Wallet, preserving the integrity of the owners' identities, while ensuring that only data which is strictly necessary for each specific transaction is processed and shared, in accordance with the principle of data minimisation, and that such systems remain simple and proportionate in their use. |
| 6 Directive (EU) 2025/25 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2024 amending Directives 2009/102/EC and (EU) 2017/1132 as regards further expanding and upgrading the use of digital tools and processes in company law (OJ L, 2025/25, 10.1.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/25/oj). | 6 Directive (EU) 2025/25 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2024 amending Directives 2009/102/EC and (EU) 2017/1132 as regards further expanding and upgrading the use of digital tools and processes in company law (OJ L, 2025/25, 10.1.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/25/oj). |
Amendment 20
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 19
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (19) In order to facilitate the conduct of cross-border business transactions, reduce administrative burdens, and promote economic growth, it is necessary to establish a clear and predictable legal framework that recognises the legal equivalence between the use of the European Business Wallets, or their core functionalities and the secure communication channel where the latter is used by self-employed persons and sole traders, and other accepted methods for economic operators to identify, authenticate, submit documents and receive notifications when interacting with public sector bodies in the Union. To that end, the use of the core functionalities of a European Business Wallet, or the secure communication channel where the latter is used by self-employed persons and sole traders, should have the same legal effect as if lawfully carried out in person, in paper form, or via any other means or process that would otherwise be deemed compliant with applicable legal, administrative, or procedural requirements. | (19) In order to facilitate the conduct of cross-border business transactions, reduce unnecessary administrative burdens, and promote sustainable economic growth, it is necessary to establish a clear and predictable legal framework that recognises the legal equivalence between the use of the European Business Wallets, or their core functionalities and the secure communication channel where the latter is used by self-employed persons and sole traders, and other accepted methods for economic operators to identify, authenticate, submit documents and receive notifications when interacting with public sector bodies in the Union. To that end, the use of the core functionalities of a European Business Wallet, or the secure communication channel where the latter is used by self-employed persons and sole traders, should have the same legal effect as if lawfully carried out in person, in paper form, or via any other means or process that would otherwise be deemed compliant with applicable legal, administrative, or procedural requirements. This should not prevent economic operators from continuing to use other legally valid means of carrying out such actions, where permitted under applicable law. |
Amendment 21
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 20
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (20) To ensure a consistent user experience and to guarantee the utility, reliability, and interoperability of European Business Wallets across the Union, providers of European Business Wallets should implement a core set of functionalities. They should retain the freedom to offer additional features as part of their commercial offering, fostering innovation and responding to market needs. In order to ensure uniform conditions for the development and use of the core functionalities, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to set out requirements and technical specifications necessary to ensure interoperability and seamless functioning across the Union. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and the Council(7 ) and should include the powers to define the necessary standards and protocols for the secure communication channel, taking into account the latest technological developments. | (20) To ensure a consistent user experience and to guarantee the utility, reliability, and interoperability of European Business Wallets across the Union, providers of European Business Wallets should implement a core set of functionalities. As part of their commercial offering, fostering innovation and responding to market needs, those providers should retain the freedom to offer additional features which are compliant with the security requirements laid down in this Regulation. In order to ensure uniform conditions for the development and use of the core functionalities, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to set out requirements and technical specifications necessary to ensure security interoperability and seamless functioning across the Union. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and the Council7 and should include the powers to define the necessary standards and protocols for the secure communication channel. When defining those requirements and technical specifications, the Commission should ensure that they remain technologically neutral, proportionate and adaptable to technological developments, including emerging technologies, and take relevant international standards and best practices into account. Those requirements and technical specifications should moreover not create unnecessary regulatory burdens or barriers to market entry, in particular for SMEs and smaller providers. |
| 7 Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by the Member States of the Commission's exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/182/oj). | 7 Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by the Member States of the Commission's exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/182/oj). |
Amendment 22
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 21
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (21) European Business Wallets should simplify the complex interactions between economic operators and public sector bodies, and could also facilitate interactions among economic operators themselves, reducing administrative burden on economic operators in a broad range of economic sectors. In order to foster innovation and competitiveness, the European Business Wallets should enable sector-specific use cases and enhance operational efficiencies, while ensuring flexibility and adaptability to support the unique requirements of different sectors, including, but not limited to, agriculture, energy, environment, social security coordination. | (21) European Business Wallets should simplify the complex interactions between economic operators and public sector bodies, and should also facilitate interactions among economic operators themselves, reducing administrative burden on economic operators in a broad range of economic sectors. In order to foster innovation and competitiveness, the European Business Wallets should enable sector-specific use cases and enhance operational efficiencies, while ensuring flexibility and adaptability to support the unique requirements of different sectors, including, but not limited to, agriculture, energy, environment, healthcare and social security coordination, with particular attention to sectors characterised by a high number of cross-border activities. |
Amendment 23
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 22
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (22) The use of the European Business Wallets in such contexts can aid in the reduction of costs and promote a wide range of applications and use cases across the Union, such as the submission of declarations, applications for public funding, access to public services and facilitating secure data sharing and access within data spaces, such as the submission of A1 certificates concerning posted workers provided for under Regulation (EU) 883/2004. | (22) The use of the European Business Wallets in such contexts can aid in the reduction of costs and promote a wide range of applications and use cases across the Union, such as Know Your Customer (KYC) and Know Your Business Partner (KYB) processes, public procurement, business permits, the submission of declarations, applications for public funding, access to public services and facilitating secure cross-border data sharing and access within data spaces, such as the submission of A1 certificates concerning posted workers provided for under Regulation (EU) 883/2004. |
Amendment 24
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 24
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (24) In order to ensure coordination between the Union’s ongoing digitalisation of judicial cooperation, the modernisation of secure cross-border information exchange, and the need to provide economic operators with efficient digital tools to interact with authorities, it is necessary to establish a coherent framework that enables smooth interaction between such relevant systems. Enhancing such coordination will reduce administrative burden, improve legal certainty, and strengthen the effectiveness of cross-border cooperation, by ensuring that communication channels used by economic operators function seamlessly within the European digital market. In that context, European Business Wallets should complement the systems set out in Regulation (EU) 2023/2844 and Regulation (EU) 2023/969, where a seamless interaction between these systems and the Business Wallets should be maintained through the Business Wallets gateway, enabling relevant authorities to maintain these systems whilst promoting simplification for European companies. | (24) In order to ensure coordination between the Union’s ongoing digitalisation of judicial cooperation, the modernisation of secure cross-border information exchange, and the need to provide economic operators with efficient digital tools to interact with authorities, it is necessary to establish a coherent framework that enables smooth interaction between such relevant systems. Enhancing such coordination will reduce administrative burden, improve legal certainty, and strengthen the effectiveness of cross-border cooperation, by ensuring that communication channels used by economic operators function seamlessly within the European digital market. In that context, European Business Wallets should complement the systems set out in Regulation (EU) 2023/2844 and Regulation (EU) 2023/969, where a seamless interaction between these systems and the Business Wallets should be maintained through the Business Wallets gateway, enabling relevant authorities to maintain these systems whilst promoting simplification for European companies, especially SMEs. |
Amendment 25
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 26
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (26) In order to ensure the secure and trustworthy operation of European Business Wallets, providers of European Business Wallets should ensure that each European Business Wallet they provide is pre-configured to interact with certain trust services, which are required to enable the core functionalities of European Business Wallets, including the creation of qualified electronic signatures, the creation of qualified electronic seals, and the issuance and validation of qualified and non-qualified electronic attestations of attributes. To support these functionalities, European Business Wallets should allow for the sharing and storage of specific information and documents relating to the owner, such as messages and documents for the secure communication channel, signed and sealed documents, and sets of attributes for attestation-related services. | (26) In order to ensure the secure and trustworthy operation of European Business Wallets, providers of European Business Wallets should ensure that each European Business Wallet they provide is pre-configured to interact with certain trust services that are optimised for the use by legal entities and are required to enable the core functionalities of European Business Wallets, including the creation of qualified electronic signatures, the creation of qualified electronic seals, and the issuance and validation of qualified and non-qualified electronic attestations of attributes. To support these functionalities, European Business Wallets should allow for the sharing, storage and verification of specific information and documents relating to the owner, such as messages and documents for the secure communication channel, signed and sealed documents, and sets of attributes for attestation-related services. |
Amendment 26
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 27 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (27a) In order to ensure a competitive market for European Business Wallet providers, enhance user choice and prevent vendor lock-in, European Business Wallet owners should be able to export their data, including identification data, electronic attestations of attributes, communication logs and interaction records, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format to another European Business Wallet. |
Amendment 27
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 28
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (28) In order to ensure that the standards and technical specifications for European Business Wallets ensure harmonisation across various solutions, it is necessary to define the standards and protocols for the core functionalities and technical requirements for European Business Wallets in an Annex to this Regulation. The Annex should set out the requirements for the implementation of European Business Wallets. To ensure the long-term viability and effectiveness of the European Business Wallets, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to establish and update the procedures and technical specifications on the implementation of core functionalities, thereby allowing for the integration of additional features and new technologies that would enable new use cases, such as agentic AI or the provision of a digital identity to an owner’s asset, and enabling the European Business Wallets to continue to support the evolving needs of economic operators in a secure and trustworthy manner. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and the Council. To the extent possible, the standards and technical specifications of the European Business Wallet should take into account relevant technical solutions and standards used by existing ICT systems by economic operators, facilitating the alignment of these systems to be aligned to and made interoperable with the European Business Wallet. | (28) In order to ensure that the standards and technical specifications for European Business Wallets ensure interoperability across various solutions, it is necessary to define the standards and protocols for the core functionalities and technical requirements for European Business Wallets in an Annex to this Regulation. The Annex should set out the requirements for the implementation of European Business Wallets. To ensure the long-term viability and effectiveness of the European Business Wallets, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to establish and update the procedures and technical specifications on the implementation of core functionalities, thereby allowing for the integration of additional features and new technologies that would enable new use cases, such as agentic AI or the provision of a digital identity to an owner’s asset, and enabling the European Business Wallets to continue to support the evolving needs of economic operators in a secure and trustworthy manner. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and the Council. To the extent possible, the standards and technical specifications of the European Business Wallet should take into account relevant technical solutions and standards used by existing ICT systems by economic operators, provided that those technical solutions and standards comply with the Union law and are compatible with the security requirements laid down in this Regulation, facilitating the alignment of these systems to be aligned to and made interoperable with the European Business Wallet. |
Amendment 28
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 31 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (31a) In order to safeguard the security and trustworthiness of the European Business Wallets ecosystem, and in light of its role in the Union’s digital infrastructure, providers of Qualified Electronic Registered Delivery Services (QERDS) and, to the extent technically feasible and where appropriate, their cloud service providers, should be established in the Union. Given that European Business Wallet services rely on cloud environments for the storage, processing and exchange of data, such requirements should help reducing exposure to the extraterritorial application of third-country laws that could undermine the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data, as well as control over data processed within the ecosystem. Cloud providers should therefore ensure that European Business Wallet data is exclusively stored and processed using standards equivalent to those required under Union law. |
Amendment 29
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 32
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (32) The Union must protect its security interest against providers which could represent a persistent security risk due to the potential interference from third countries. To that end, it is necessary to reduce the risk of persisting dependency on high-risk suppliers in the internal market, including in the ICT supply chain, as they could have potentially serious negative impacts on the security of economic operators and public sector bodies across the Union and the Union’s critical infrastructure, especially with regards to the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data and services. Any restrictions should be based on a proportionate risk assessment and corresponding mitigation measures as defined in Union policies and laws. Such limitations may apply, for example, to high-risk suppliers, as identified under Union law. | (32) The Union must protect its security interest against providers and suppliers which could represent a security risk due to the potential interference from third countries. To that end, it is necessary to reduce the persisting dependencies on high-risk suppliers in the internal market, including in the ICT supply chain, as they could have potentially serious negative impacts on the security of economic operators and public sector bodies across the Union and the Union’s critical infrastructure, especially with regards to the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data and services. Any restrictions must be based on a proportionate risk assessment and corresponding mitigation measures as defined in Union policies and laws. Such limitations may apply, for example, to high-risk suppliers, as identified under Union law. |
Amendment 30
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 32 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (32a) Cybersecurity is a key element for trust in the European Business Wallet ecosystem. The design and implementation of the system should ensure a high level of security by design and by default, including appropriate safeguards for data access, storage and transfer, while taking into account the risks associated with centralised components and dependencies. Where appropriate, governance and implementation models should avoid excessive concentration of critical functions and ensure resilience through secure and reliable architectures, thereby supporting trust and the proper functioning of the internal market. |
Amendment 31
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 33 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (33a) In order to foster innovation, competition and user choice in the market for European Business Wallet providers, the technical standards and protocols underpinning the European Business Wallet ecosystem should rely on standards that are interoperable and, where appropriate, open. Such standards should ensure that economic operators can easily switch between different providers of European Business Wallets without undue technical or administrative barriers, while ensuring that their data, credentials and electronic attestations of attributes remain usable and interoperable across the ecosystem. |
Amendment 32
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 40
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (40) To avoid excessive regulatory burdens, ex post supervision of providers of European Business Wallets and monitoring of their activities should be provided for, rather than requiring prior compliance verification for every aspect of their operations. This approach should allow for a more flexible and efficient regulatory environment, while maintaining the necessary safeguards to protect users and ensure compliance with the requirements of the European Business Wallets framework. The notification process for providers of European Business Wallets should be streamlined and efficient, with clear requirements and timelines for applicants. Qualified trust service providers, which are already subject to a robust regulatory framework under Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, should benefit from a particularly light process to be able to provide European Business Wallets. | (40) To avoid unnecessary regulatory burdens, ex post supervision of providers of European Business Wallets and monitoring of their activities should be provided for, rather than requiring prior compliance verification for every aspect of their operations. This approach should allow for a more flexible, risk-based and efficient regulatory environment, while maintaining the necessary safeguards to protect users and ensure compliance with the requirements of the European Business Wallets framework. The notification process for providers of European Business Wallets should be clear, transparent and efficient, with well-defined requirements and timelines for applicants, ensuring legal certainty and a high level of trust. Qualified trust service providers, which are already subject to a robust regulatory framework under Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, should benefit from a particularly light process to be able to provide European Business Wallets. |
Amendment 33
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 41
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (41) In order to ensure transparency and accountability in the European Business Wallet ecosystem, a publicly available list of notified providers of European Business Wallets should be established and maintained by the Commission. That list should include information transmitted by the national supervisory bodies concerning providers, including qualified trust service providers, that have completed the notification process. Making that information publicly available should enable users to verify the authenticity and trustworthiness of providers, thereby promoting a high level of security and trust in the European Business Wallet ecosystem. | (41) In order to ensure transparency and accountability in the European Business Wallet ecosystem, a publicly available list of notified providers of European Business Wallets should be established and maintained by the Commission. That list should include information transmitted by the national supervisory bodies concerning providers, including qualified trust service providers, that have completed the notification process. Making that information publicly available should enable users to verify the authenticity and trustworthiness of providers, thereby promoting a high level of security and trust in the European Business Wallet ecosystem. That list should be updated without undue delay following the completion of the notification process in order to ensure legal certainty for entities intending to provide European Business Wallets and for users of such services. In order to avoid unnecessary delays and ensure legal certainty for market participants, where the competent supervisory body does not provide a substantive response within the prescribed period, the notification should be deemed complete, and the description of the core functionalities should be considered to correspond to the requirements laid down in this Regulation. In such cases, the notifying entity should be added to the list of providers of European Business Wallets maintained by the Commission. |
Amendment 34
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 44
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (44) To harmonise the enforcement of this Regulation, national supervisory bodies should be empowered to impose administrative fines. It is necessary to specify the upper limit of administrative fines and the criteria for their determination in order to promote equal treatment of providers of European Business Wallets across the Union regardless of their Member State of establishment. The competent supervisory authority should assess each case individually, taking into account all relevant circumstances, including the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement, its consequences and any measures taken to ensure compliance and mitigate harm. In this regard, Member States should notify the Commission of the rules laid down in national law allowing the supervisory body to impose penalties by [Publications Office, insert the date 12 months after the entry into force of this Regulation] and should notify the Commission without delay of any subsequent amendments to those rules. | (44) To harmonise the enforcement of this Regulation, national supervisory bodies should be empowered to impose administrative sanctions, including fines. It is necessary to specify the upper limit of administrative fines and the criteria for their determination in order to promote equal treatment of providers of European Business Wallets across the Union regardless of their Member State of establishment. The competent supervisory authority should assess each case individually, taking into account all relevant circumstances, including the nature, gravity, duration and recurrence of the infringement, its consequences and any measures taken to ensure compliance and mitigate harm. In this regard, Member States should notify the Commission of the rules laid down in national law allowing the supervisory body to impose penalties by [Publications Office, insert the date 12 months after the entry into force of this Regulation] and should notify the Commission without delay of any subsequent amendments to those rules. |
Amendment 35
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 48
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (48) In order to avoid disrupting existing interactions between economic operators and public sector bodies, it is necessary to enable a transition period until [Publications Office, please insert the date 36 months after the entry into force of this Regulation]. During such period public sector bodies may choose not to offer the European Business Wallets' secure communication channel and instead support alternative solutions already in place which enable economic operators to communicate with public sector bodies prior to offering the European Business Wallets’ secure communication channel. In order to ensure an adequate level of security and interoperability, any alternative solution used during this transition period should comply with the requirements for Qualified Electronic Registered Delivery Services set out in Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and offer a gateway to European Business Wallets. The gateway should enable users of European Business Wallets to access the alternative solutions used during the transition period. After this period, public sector bodies should support the secure communication channel of the European Business Wallets to ensure a harmonised and efficient means of communication across the Union, to the benefits of European businesses. | (48) In order to avoid disrupting existing interactions between economic operators and public sector bodies, it is necessary to enable a transition period until [Publications Office, please insert the date 36 months after the entry into force of this Regulation]. During such period public sector bodies may choose not to offer the European Business Wallets' secure communication channel and instead support alternative solutions already in place which enable economic operators to communicate with public sector bodies prior to offering the European Business Wallets’ secure communication channel. In order to ensure an adequate level of security and interoperability, any alternative solution used during this transition period should comply with the requirements for Qualified Electronic Registered Delivery Services set out in Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and offer a gateway to European Business Wallets. The gateway should enable users of European Business Wallets to access the alternative solutions used during the transition period. After this period, public sector bodies should support the secure communication channel of the European Business Wallets to ensure a harmonised and efficient means of communication across the Union, to the benefits of European businesses and the proper functioning of the internal market. |
Amendment 36
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 54
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (54) In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of the recognition and interoperability of business wallets or similar systems and framework from third countries to support and promote partnerships and cooperation, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to set the conditions under which such similar systems or framework benefit from the provisions of this Regulation. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council. | (54) In order to ensure legal certainty, preserve a high level of trust and guarantee uniform conditions for the recognition and interoperability of business wallets or similar systems and framework from third countries to support and promote partnerships and cooperation, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to set the conditions under which such similar systems or framework may benefit from the provisions of this Regulation. The recognition of such systems or frameworks should be subject to a thorough assessment of whether the functions offered are clearly defined and equivalent in substance to those provided under this Regulation, taking into account, in particular, the scope of functionalities, the level of security and reliability, data protection, as well as interoperability with the trust framework laid down in Regulation (EU) No 910/2014. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The Commission may, where appropriate, take into account the development of reciprocal arrangements with the relevant third countries when assessing the frameworks, in order to reduce administrative burden and facilitate cross-border economic activity, while ensuring compliance with Union requirements. Particular attention should be paid to economic operators from third countries in order to avoid potential threats to the Union's strategic interests. |
Amendment 37
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 54 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (54a) All implementing acts adopted pursuant to this Regulation should be proportionate, technologically neutral and should not create unnecessary administrative burdens, taking account of the specific needs and limited resources of SMEs, sole traders and self-employed persons. |
Amendment 38
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 58 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (58a) E-invoicing is a core digital business process that supports automation, reduces administrative burdens and improves cash-flow management, in particular for SMEs. Its development is closely linked to Union initiatives such as the VAT in the Digital Age (ViDA) package and the future framework for the 28th regime, which rely on interoperable and secure digital data exchanges. The European Business Wallet may therefore facilitate the secure use and storage of electronic invoices in cross-border transactions, in compliance with existing Union law. |
Amendment 39
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 58 b (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (58b) In order to ensure that European Business Wallets can be effectively used in real business environments, the framework for unique identifiers should support hierarchical and operational identifiers reflecting the structure and activities of economic operators. This includes, where relevant, identifiers for subsidiaries, branches, establishments or operational units, as well as identifiers enabling the correct routing of transactions within and between organisations. Such flexibility is necessary to ensure interoperability with existing business systems and to support compliance processes, including electronic invoicing and reporting obligations. |
Amendment 40
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 58 c (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (58c) In order to support the efficient and coherent implementation of European Business Wallets across the Union, the Commission should, in close cooperation with the Member States and relevant stakeholders, develop and regularly update a comprehensive and forward-looking implementation roadmap. That roadmap should extend beyond the initial deployment phase and identify key milestones, priority use cases and practical applications in business-to-government (B2G), government-to-business (G2B) and business-to-business (B2B) interactions. It should also take into account the need to ensure cross-border interoperability and seamless integration with existing digital solutions at Union and national level, with a view to facilitating uptake by economic operators and supporting public sector bodies at all levels, including those with limited administrative or technical capacity. |
Amendment 41
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – introductory part
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| This Regulation enables secure digital identification and authentication, data sharing and legally valid notifications, reduces administrative burdens and compliance costs, and supports cross-border business and competitiveness. In particular, it: | This Regulation enables secure digital identification and authentication, data sharing and legally valid notifications, reduces unnecessary administrative requirements and compliance costs, and supports cross-border business and competitiveness. In particular, it: |
Amendment 42
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 6
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (6) lays down the notification mechanism under which providers of European Business Wallets shall be established; | (6) lays down the notification mechanism under which providers of European Business Wallets shall be authorised to provide European Business Wallets; |
Amendment 43
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 9
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (9) provides a framework for the recognition of third-country systems similar to the European Business Wallets and the issuance of European Business Wallets to third country economic operators. | (9) provides a framework for the recognition of third-country systems similar to the European Business Wallets, which offer the same level of security, trust and digital standards as the European Business Wallets, and the issuance of European Business Wallets to third country economic operators. |
Amendment 44
Proposal for a regulation
Article 2 – paragraph 2
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 2. This Regulation is without prejudice to the existing systems and procedures mandated by Union law governing the exchange of documents and data between competent authorities. | 2. This Regulation is without prejudice to the existing systems and procedures mandated by Union and national law governing the exchange of documents and data between competent authorities. |
Amendment 45
Proposal for a regulation
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point 43 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (43a) ‘incident’ means an incident as defined in Article 6, point (6) of Directive (EU) 2022/2555. |
Amendment 46
Proposal for a regulation
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point l
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (l) export their data, including issued European Business Wallet owner identification data, electronic attestations of attributes, communication logs, and interaction records, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format, at the request of the owner or in the event of termination of service or revocation of the notification of the provider of the European Business Wallet; | (l) export their data, including issued European Business Wallet owner identification data, electronic attestations of attributes, communication logs, and interaction records, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format, at the request of the owner or in the event of termination of service or revocation of the notification of the provider of the European Business Wallet, to enable data portability across providers of European Business Wallets; |
Amendment 47
Proposal for a regulation
Article 5 – paragraph 2
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 2. Providers of European Business Wallets may offer additional functionalities beyond those listed in paragraph 1 provided that such functionalities do not interfere with or compromise the confidentiality, availability, or integrity of the minimum core functionalities, and the reliability and interoperability of the European Business Wallets they provide. | 2. Providers of European Business Wallets may offer additional functionalities beyond those listed in paragraph 1 provided that the full and consistent implementation of the minimum core functionalities is ensured and that such functionalities do not interfere with or compromise the confidentiality, availability, or integrity of the minimum core functionalities, and the reliability and interoperability of the European Business Wallets they provide. |
Amendment 48
Proposal for a regulation
Article 5 – paragraph 5
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 5. The Commission shall, by means of implementing acts, establish a list of reference standards and where necessary, establish specifications and procedures for the core functionalities of European Business Wallets referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 19. | 5. The Commission shall, by means of implementing acts, establish a list of reference standards and where necessary, establish specifications and procedures the core functionalities of European Business Wallets referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011. |
Amendment 49
Proposal for a regulation
Article 6 – paragraph 1 – introductory part
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 1. Providers of European Business Wallets shall ensure that the European Business Wallets they provide support common protocols and interfaces: | 1. Providers of European Business Wallets shall ensure that the European Business Wallets they provide support common protocols and interfaces, while ensuring that those wallets remain user-friendly and do not create disproportionate administrative or technical requirements for economic operators: |
Amendment 50
Proposal for a regulation
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – point e
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (e) provide a mechanism enabling European Business Wallet owners to easily request technical support and report technical problems or any other incidents having a negative impact on the use of European Business Wallets; | (e) provide a mechanism enabling European Business Wallet owners to easily request technical support and report technical problems or any other incidents having a negative impact on the use of European Business Wallets in a timely and effective manner; |
Amendment 51
Proposal for a regulation
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – point f – indent 4
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| – where the provider of the European Business Wallet is not included in the list referred to in Article 12(5). | – where the provider of the European Business Wallet is not included in the list referred to in Article 12(3). |
Amendment 52
Proposal for a regulation
Article 6 – paragraph 2 – point g – indent 2 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| – any security breach or hazard affecting European Business Wallets, in particular where the breach originates from, or involves actors or systems located in, a third country. |
Amendment 53
Proposal for a regulation
Article 7 – paragraph 1
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 1. European Business Wallets shall be provided by providers of European Business Wallets that are included in the list established pursuant to Article 12(5). | 1. European Business Wallets shall be provided by European Business Wallets providers that are included in the list established pursuant to Article 12(3). |
Amendment 54
Proposal for a regulation
Article 7 – paragraph 2
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 2. Given the role of European Business Wallets in the Unions digital infrastructure, providers of European Business Wallets shall be established in the Union, have their principal place of business and main operations in the Union and not present a risk to the security of the Union. In particular they shall not be subject to control by a third country or by a third-country entity. | 2. Given the role of European Business Wallets in the Unions digital infrastructure, providers of European Business Wallets shall be established in the Union, have their principal place of business and main operations in the Union and not present a risk to the security of the Union. In particular they shall not be directly or indirectly controlled by a third country or by a third-country entity, while ensuring a level playing field and fair competition within the internal market. Providers of European Business Wallets shall, to the extent technically feasible and where appropriate, make use of cloud service providers which are established in the Union, and have their principal place of business and main operations in the Union. Providers of European Business Wallets shall also ensure that their suppliers, including cloud service providers, do not present a risk to the security of the Union. European Business Wallets data shall be exclusively stored and processed using standards equivalent to those required under Union law. |
Amendment 55
Proposal for a regulation
Article 7 – paragraph 5
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 5. Providers of European Business Wallets shall comply with applicable cybersecurity requirements laid down in Union and national law, including those relating to the identification of high-risk suppliers. Providers shall also ensure that their suppliers of software and security solutions comply with these requirements and conform to the relevant security standards and requirements. | 5. Providers of European Business Wallets shall comply with applicable cybersecurity requirements laid down in Union and national law, including those relating to the identification of high-risk suppliers. Providers shall also ensure that their suppliers of software and security solutions, as well as their cloud service providers that host European Business Wallets data, comply with these requirements and conform to the relevant security standards and requirements. |
Amendment 56
Proposal for a regulation
Article 7 – paragraph 6 – point e
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (e) notify the relevant national supervisory bodies, or the Commission in the cases referred to in Article 14(1), of any substantive changes to their services or overall structure which may impact the compliance of the provider with this Regulation; | (e) notify, without undue delay, the relevant national supervisory bodies, or the Commission in the cases referred to in Article 15(1), of any substantive changes to their services or overall structure which may impact the compliance of the provider with this Regulation; |
Amendment 57
Proposal for a regulation
Article 7 – paragraph 6 – point f
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (f) notify European Business Wallet owners in the event of suspension, revocation or voluntary termination of the providers of European Business Wallet`s services and of the removal of the provider of European Business Wallet from the list established pursuant to Article 12(5) and ensure the transfer or deletion of the European Business Wallet owner data in accordance with the European Business Wallet owners instructions, including European Business Wallet owner identification data; | (f) notify, without undue delay, European Business Wallet owners in the event of suspension, revocation or voluntary termination of the providers of European Business Wallet`s services and of the removal of the provider of European Business Wallet from the list established pursuant to Article 12(3) and ensure the transfer or deletion of the European Business Wallet owner data in accordance with the European Business Wallet owners instructions, including European Business Wallet owner identification data; |
Amendment 58
Proposal for a regulation
Article 7 – paragraph 6 – point g a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (ga) ensure that their services are user friendly and accessible, taking into account the diverse needs, including those of persons with disabilities, in accordance with Union law. |
Amendment 59
Proposal for a regulation
Article 8 – paragraph 7
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 7. The Commission may, by means of implementing acts, set out requirements for European Business Wallet owner identification data issued pursuant to this Article, including procedures for Member States to notify to the Commission the relevant authentic sources. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 19. | 7. The Commission may, by means of implementing acts, set out harmonised requirements for European Business Wallet owner identification data issued pursuant to this Article, including procedures for Member States to notify to the Commission the relevant authentic sources. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 19. |
Amendment 60
Proposal for a regulation
Article 9 – paragraph 2
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 2. Where an economic operator or public sector body has not been attributed a European Unique Identifier, a unique identifier shall be created in accordance with the implementing act referred to in paragraph 4. | 2. Where an economic operator or public sector body has not been attributed a European Unique Identifier, a unique identifier shall be created without undue delay in accordance with the implementing act referred to in paragraph 4. |
Amendment 61
Proposal for a regulation
Article 9 – paragraph 4 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 4a. The Commission shall, when establishing technical specifications for the European Business Wallet, ensure that the identifier framework supports hierarchical and operational identifiers reflecting the organisational structure and operational needs of economic operators. |
Amendment 62
Proposal for a regulation
Article 10 – paragraph 1 – introductory part
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 1. The Commission shall establish, operate and maintain a European Digital Directory which shall act as the trusted source of information for European Business Wallet owners and shall take the form of a web application comprising of two interfaces: | 1. The Commission shall establish, operate and maintain a European Digital Directory which shall act as the trusted source of information for European Business Wallet owners and shall take the form of a web application comprising of two easily accessible interfaces: |
Amendment 63
Proposal for a regulation
Article 10 – paragraph 3
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 3. The Commission shall ensure that the relevant information shall be included in the European Digital Directory. | 3. The Commission shall ensure that the relevant information is included in the European Digital Directory in a secure manner and in accordance with the relevant data protection principles. |
Amendment 64
Proposal for a regulation
Article 10 – paragraph 4
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 4. The Commission shall make the European Digital Directory only accessible to European Business Wallet owners and their authorised representatives and providers of European Business Wallets. | 4. The Commission shall make the web-based interface of the European Digital Directory only accessible to European Business Wallet owners and their authorised representatives and providers of European Business Wallets. |
Amendment 65
Proposal for a regulation
Article 10 – paragraph 5
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 5. Any modification or revocation concerning the information referred to in paragraph 2 shall, without undue delay and in any event within one working day, be communicated by the providers of European Business Wallet directly to the Commission for the purpose of maintaining the European Digital Directory. | 5. Any modification or revocation concerning the information referred to in paragraph 2 shall, without undue delay and in any event within three working days, be communicated by the providers of European Business Wallet directly to the Commission for the purpose of maintaining the European Digital Directory. |
Amendment 66
Proposal for a regulation
Article 11 – paragraph 2 – point e a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (ea) safety policies to address security risks related to the protection of data of the European Business Wallet owner. |
Amendment 67
Proposal for a regulation
Article 12 – paragraph 3
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 3. On the basis of the information received pursuant to this Article, the Commission shall establish and maintain on the Commission’s website, in a machine-readable format, a list of providers of European Business Wallets. | 3. On the basis of the information received pursuant to this Article, the Commission shall establish and maintain on the Commission’s website, in an easily accessible and machine-readable format, a list of providers of European Business Wallets and update that list without undue delay following the receipt of such information. |
Amendment 68
Proposal for a regulation
Article 13 – paragraph 3
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 3. Member States shall ensure that the supervisory bodies referred to in paragraph 1 have the necessary powers and adequate resources for the exercise of their tasks in an effective, efficient and independent manner. | 3. Member States shall ensure that the supervisory bodies referred to in paragraph 1 are entrusted with the necessary powers, responsibilities and sufficient resources for the exercise of their tasks and enforcement of the obligations under this Regulation in an effective, efficient and independent manner. |
Amendment 69
Proposal for a regulation
Article 13 – paragraph 5 – point b
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (b) investigate substantiated claims, particularly those made by European Business Wallets owners, that a provider of European Business Wallets fails to comply with any of its obligations under this Regulation and to take action if necessary; | (b) set up a complaint mechanism whereby substantiated complaints can be filed, particularly by European Business Wallets owners, that a provider of European Business Wallets fails to comply with any of its obligations under this Regulation, investigate such complaints and take action, including enforcement measures, if necessary, in a transparent manner and within a reasonable timeframe; |
Amendment 70
Proposal for a regulation
Article 13 – paragraph 5 – point f
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (f) inform the relevant competent authorities designated or established pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the Member States concerned of any significant security breach or loss of integrity of which it becomes aware in the performance of its tasks and, in the case of a significant security breach or loss of integrity which concerns other Member States, to inform the single point of contact designated or established pursuant to Article 8(3) Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the Member State concerned and the single points of contact designated pursuant to Article 46c(1) of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 in the other Member States concerned, and to inform the public or require the provider of European Business Wallets to do so where the supervisory body determines that disclosure of the breach of security or loss of integrity would be in the public interest; | (f) inform the relevant competent authorities designated or established pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the Member States concerned of any significant incident of which it becomes aware in the performance of its tasks and, in the case of a significant incident which concerns other Member States, to inform the single point of contact designated or established pursuant to Article 8(3) Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the Member State concerned and the single points of contact designated pursuant to Article 46c(1) of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 in the other Member States concerned, and to inform the public or require the provider of European Business Wallets to do so where the supervisory body determines that disclosure of the breach of security or loss of integrity would be in the public interest; |
Amendment 71
Proposal for a regulation
Article 13 – paragraph 5 – point j
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (j) report to the Commission on its main activities; | (j) report regularly to the Commission on its main activities; |
Amendment 72
Proposal for a regulation
Article 13 – paragraph 11
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 11. Based on the evaluation, the Commission may decide that a corrective or restrictive measure is necessary, and after consulting the Member States concerned and the provider, the Commission may determine the appropriate course of action. The Commission shall take into account the nature and severity of the non-compliance, as well as the potential impact on the internal market and the rights of economic operators. | 11. Based on the evaluation, the Commission may decide that a corrective or restrictive measure is necessary, and after consulting the Member States concerned and the provider, the Commission may determine the appropriate course of action and provide appropriate justifications to the Member State and provider concerned. The Commission shall take into account the nature and severity of the non-compliance, as well as the potential impact on the internal market and the rights of economic operators. |
Amendment 73
Proposal for a regulation
Article 14 – paragraph 1
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| The European Digital Identity Cooperation Group established pursuant to Article 46e of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 shall be responsible for facilitating cooperation and information sharing among Member States and the Commission on matters related to the European Business Wallets. This shall include sharing best practices, discussing technical and operational issues, and coordinating efforts to ensure the proper implementation and functioning of the European Business Wallets. | The European Digital Identity Cooperation Group established pursuant to Article 46e of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 shall be responsible for supporting the national supervisory bodies, facilitating cooperation and information sharing among the Member States and the Commission on matters related to the European Business Wallets. This shall include sharing best practices, discussing technical and operational issues, and coordinating efforts to ensure the proper implementation and functioning of the European Business Wallets. |
Amendment 74
Proposal for a regulation
Article 15 – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| The Commission shall prepare a report on its main activities in this respect. | The Commission shall prepare an annual report on its main activities in this respect and submit it to the European Parliament and to the Council. |
Amendment 75
Proposal for a regulation
Article 16 – paragraph 2
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, points (c) and (d), public sector bodies shall have European Business Wallets, including the qualified electronic registered delivery service referred to in Article 5(1), point (i). | 2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, points (c) and (d) of this Article, public sector bodies shall have European Business Wallets, including the qualified electronic registered delivery service referred to in Article 5(1), point (i). Public sector bodies may also make use of European Business Wallets for the purposes referred to in paragraph 1, points (a) and (b) of this Article. |
Amendment 76
Proposal for a regulation
Article 17 – paragraph 1
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 1. The Commission may adopt implementing acts establishing that business wallets or systems offering similar functions that are issued by providers established in third countries are to be considered as offering assurances that are equivalent to European Business Wallets issued in accordance with this Regulation, provided that such business wallets or systems are interoperable with the trust framework laid down in Regulation (EU) 910/2014 and allow for the support of at least an identification and authentication functionality and the exchange of electronic attestations of attributes. Such implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 19. | 1. The Commission may adopt implementing acts establishing that business wallets or systems offering similar functions that are issued by providers established in third countries and which guarantee the same level of trust, security and interoperability to those of European Business Wallets, may be considered as offering assurances that are equivalent to European Business Wallets issued in accordance with this Regulation, provided that such business wallets or systems are interoperable with the trust framework laid down in Regulation (EU) 910/2014, that they ensure security, data protection, and reliability standards equivalent to those required under Union law, and allow for the support of at least an identification and authentication functionality and the exchange of electronic attestations of attributes. Such implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 19. |
Amendment 77
Proposal for a regulation
Article 17 – paragraph 2
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 2. The Commission may adopt implementing acts establishing that third country frameworks for systems offering similar functions as the European Business Wallets are to be considered as offering assurances that are equivalent to European Business Wallets issued in accordance with this Regulation, provided that the systems provided under that framework are interoperable with the trust framework laid down in Regulation (EU) 910/2014 and allow for the support of at least an identification and authentication functionality and the exchange of electronic attestations of attributes. Such implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 19. | 2. The Commission may adopt implementing acts establishing that third country frameworks for systems offering similar functions that guarantee the same level of trust, security and interoperability to those of European Business Wallets, may be considered as offering assurances equivalent to those provided under this Regulation, provided that the systems provided under that framework are interoperable with the trust framework laid down in Regulation (EU) 910/2014 and allow for the support of at least an identification and authentication functionality and the exchange of electronic attestations of attributes. Such implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 19. |
Amendment 78
Proposal for a regulation
Article 17 – paragraph 3
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 3. Prior to the adoption of the implementing acts referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, the Commission shall assess whether the assurances can be considered as equivalent to the requirements under this Regulation. | 3. Prior to the adoption of the implementing acts referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, the Commission shall assess whether the assurances can be considered as equivalent to the requirements under this Regulation. That assessment shall evaluate the functionalities, security, independence of providers, reliability and interoperability with the trust framework laid down in Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, and evaluate risks to the internal market, in particular from third-country providers, including compliance with Union data protection and cybersecurity rules as well as impact on competition and Union economic operators. |
Amendment 79
Proposal for a regulation
Article 17 – paragraph 4
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 4. The Commission shall, where available information reveals that those assurances can no longer be considered as equivalent to the requirements under this Regulation, to the extent necessary, repeal, amend or suspend the act referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 by means of an implementing act. | 4. The Commission shall review, on an annual basis, whether those assurances can be considered as equivalent to the requirements under this Regulation. Where the results of that review or other available information reveal that this is no longer the case, the Commission shall without undue delay and to the extent necessary, repeal, amend or suspend the act referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 by means of an implementing act. |
Amendment 80
Proposal for a regulation
Article 18 – paragraph 5 – introductory part
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 5. Providers of European Business Wallet owner identification data may issue European Business Wallet owner identification data and unique identifiers pursuant to Articles 8 and 9 to economic operators established outside the Union, provided that: | 5. Providers of European Business Wallet owner identification data may issue European Business Wallet owner identification data and unique identifiers, without undue delay, following successful identity verification pursuant to Articles 8 and 9 to economic operators established outside the Union, provided that: |
Amendment 81
Proposal for a regulation
Article 18 – paragraph 6
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 6. Member States shall cooperate to ensure that providers of European Business Wallet owner identification data can verify that an economic operator established outside the Union has not yet been issued European Business Wallet owner identification data. | 6. Member States shall cooperate, including through the exchange of relevant information and through the use of Union-level systems established under this Regulation, to ensure that providers of European Business Wallet owner identification data can verify that an economic operator established outside the Union has not yet been issued European Business Wallet owner identification data. |
Amendment 82
Proposal for a regulation
Article 21 – paragraph 1
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| 1. The Commission shall review the application of this Regulation and shall, by [Publications Office, insert the date – 3 years after entry into force], submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council. The report shall evaluate the effectiveness of the provisions of this Regulation with regard to facilitating the submission of electronic documents and electronic attestations to public sector bodies, by the usage of the European Business Wallets, as well as technological, market, and legal developments. The report shall also assess whether it is necessary to modify the scope of this Regulation or its specific provisions to set out an obligation for the use of the European Business Wallets to address the risks of legal fragmentation. | 1. The Commission shall review the application of this Regulation and shall, by [Publications Office, insert the date – 3 years after entry into force], submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council. The report shall evaluate the effectiveness of the provisions of this Regulation with regard to facilitating the submission of electronic documents and electronic attestations to public sector bodies, by the usage of the European Business Wallets, as well as technological, market, and legal developments. |
| The report shall assess the impact of the Regulation on the reduction of administrative requirements and compliance costs, particularly for SMEs and smaller public sector bodies, as well as its contribution to cross-border activities and competitiveness, and shall examine the administrative and financial costs of implementation, including those arising from the coexistence with existing systems. | |
| It shall also evaluate cross-border interoperability, including with existing Union and national digital solutions, and identify any duplication or parallel systems. | |
| Based on the results, the Commission shall evaluate whether it is necessary to modify the scope of this Regulation or its specific provisions. Any such modification shall be accompanied by an impact assessment. |
Amendment 83
Proposal for a regulation
Article 21 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (da) the effectiveness of cooperation between supervisory bodies in the Member States and with the Commission in the implementation and supervision of this Regulation; |
Amendment 84
Proposal for a regulation
Article 21 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point d b (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| (db) a review of financial, administrative or other possible impact on SMEs, sole traders and self-employed persons. |
Amendment 85
Proposal for a regulation
Article 21 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
| Text proposed by the Commission | Amendment |
|---|---|
| The Commission shall issue guidelines, including common definitions and technical guidance, to facilitate the consistent implementation of this Regulation across Member States. |
Annex: declaration of input 4 paragraphs
Pursuant to Article 8 of Annex I to the Rules of Procedure, the rapporteur for opinion declares that she included in her opinion input on matters pertaining to the subject of the file that she received, in the preparation of the opinion, from the following interest representatives falling within the scope of the Interinstitutional Agreement on a mandatory transparency register, or from the following representatives of public authorities of third countries, including their diplomatic missions and embassies:
| 1. Interest representatives falling within the scope of the Interinstitutional Agreement on a mandatory transparency register |
| Digital Europe |
| Sage Group |
| Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities |
| 2. Representatives of public authorities of third countries, including their diplomatic missions and embassies |
| Permanent representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU |
| Permanent representation of the Czech Republic to the EU |
The list above is drawn up under the exclusive responsibility of the rapporteur for opinion.
Where natural persons are identified in the list by their name, by their function or by both, the rapporteur for opinion declares that she has submitted to the natural persons concerned the European Parliament's Data Protection Notice No 484 (https://www.europarl.europa.eu/data-protect/index.do), which sets out the conditions applicable to the processing of their personal data and the rights linked to that processing.
Procedure pages
How the committees handled the text, and how their members voted on it.
Procedure – committee asked for opinion 1 paragraph
| Title | Establishment of European Business Wallets | |
| References | COM(2025)0838 – C10-0305/2025 – 2025/0358(COD) | |
| Committee(s) responsible Date announced in plenary | ITRE 19.1.2026 | |
| Opinion by Date announced in plenary | IMCO 19.1.2026 | |
| Rapporteur for opinion Date appointed | Veronika Cifrová Ostrihoňová 16.2.2026 | |
| Discussed in committee | 15.4.2026 | 7.5.2026 |
| Date adopted | 2.6.2026 | |
| Result of final vote | +: –: 0: | 41 4 0 |
Final vote by roll call by the committee asked for opinion 3 paragraphs
41 · For
- ECR
- Stefano Cavedagna, Piotr Müller, Denis Nesci, Gheorghe Piperea, Reinis Pozņaks, Ivaylo Valchev
- EPP
- Peter Agius, Pablo Arias Echeverría, Sebastião Bugalho, Henrik Dahl, Dóra Dávid, Christian Doleschal, Kamila Gasiuk-Pihowicz, Seán Kelly, Arba Kokalari, Andreas Schwab, Tomislav Sokol, Dimitris Tsiodras, Inese Vaidere, Axel Voss
- Patriots
- Jaroslav Bžoch, Klara Dostalova, Ernő Schaller-Baross
- Renew
- Sandro Gozi, Svenja Hahn, Anna-Maja Henriksson, Cynthia Ní Mhurchú
- S&D
- Marc Angel, Laura Ballarín Cereza, Katarina Barley, Biljana Borzan, Adnan Dibrani, Maria Grapini, Elisabeth Grossmann, Maria Guzenina, Pierre Jouvet, Christel Schaldemose
- The Left
- Gaetano Pedulla'
- Greens
- Anna Cavazzini, David Cormand, Kim Van Sparrentak
4 · Against
- ESN
- Arno Bausemer, Milan Mazurek
- Patriots
- Elisabeth Dieringer, Virginie Joron
0 · Abstained