What changed between the draft committee report and the plenary report

The entry into force of Regulation 2019/1986 (the Regulation) significantly expanded the mandate of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), including its possibilities to work in third countries. The Regulation mandates the Agency with the possibility of deployment of staff for operational activities on the territory of a third country that does not share any common borders with an EU Member State, to the extent required for the fulfilment of its tasks that are defined in the Regulation.

In order to establish the legal framework to perform executive tasks on the territory of a third country, the conclusion of a so-called Status Agreement is required. This concerns an international agreement between the EU and the third country on the basis of Article 218 TFEU. Procedurally, the Council mandates the European Commission to negotiate such an agreement on behalf of the EU, while the latter is obliged per this article to keep the European Parliament fully and immediately informed at all stages of the procedure. As enshrined in Article 54(5) of Regulation (EU) 2019/1986, the European Commission will negotiate on the basis of the so-called ‘model status agreement’, laid down in communication COM(2021)829. When the negotiations are concluded, the European Parliament should be requested to vote on the agreement as negotiated and give its consent before it can enter into force.

On the 4th of July, Council Decision (EU) (2022/1169) authorised the Commission to negotiate a Status Agreement with the Republic of Senegal on operational activities carried out by Frontex on the territory of Senegal. This decision was accompanied by the negotiation directive, in which the Council expressed that it saw no specific reasons to derogate from the model Status Agreement, and the Commission should thus aim to preserve its essence during the negotiations. A simultaneous decision was taken to launch negotiations with the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.

On the 9th of February 2023, the Council underlined its political support for the effort of externalising Frontex action by urging for the rapid conclusion of negotiations on new and revised Status Agreements in its conclusions, including with Senegal and Mauritania.

The potential Status Agreement with Senegal would mandate Frontex for the first time in its existence to perform an executive mandate on the territory of a third country that is not bordering an EU Member State, nor geographically located in Europe. This step would have fundamentally different implications compared to the actions performed under the current Status Agreements.

The current signatory countries to Frontex Status Agreements share the ambition to become part of the EU on the short term, meaning that they are in the process of aligning their legal frameworks with the EU acquis - including on fundamental rights. Moreover, all are parties to the Council of Europe, thus bound to the European Convention of Human Rights. Opposed to Senegal, these countries are bound by frameworks that help safeguarding EU fundamental rights standards to a certain extent.

In light of the significant implications and precedent created by the conclusion of a Frontex Status Agreement with a non-European third country, the European Parliament decided to initiate a more extensive procedure during the negotiation process of the Status Agreement, apart from the - fairly limited - consent procedure. The Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs - which is responsible for the scrutiny of Frontex - took the decision to draw this own initiative report, already during the negotiation stage, with a view to provide recommendations to the Commission regarding the negotiation process. The human rights committee (DROI) issued an opinion on the report, given the external nature of the Status Agreement and human rights dimension.

Procedurally, the Rapporteur has convened two Shadow Rapporteur meetings, in which key stakeholders were invited to present their views on the matter. In a first meeting, representatives of Frontex, replacing the Executive Director of Frontex, and a representative from the Fundamental Rights Officer took part. The Senegalese authorities were also invited, but did not participate. In a second meeting the European Commission - as the negotiating entity - took part, as well as one researcher with an expertise in human rights and international law.