What changed between the plenary report and the adopted text

21. Expresses concern about the role played by the embassies of states involved in transnational repression; points to the heightened risk for HRDs in need of consular services when forced to engage with those embassies; calls on the Member States to increase pressure on embassies of countries linked with transnational repression hosted on their territories, and not to use their diplomatic outposts to engage in efforts to silence dissent abroad, in line with the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations;

Enhancing coordinated monitoring and data collection

22. Calls on the EEAS and the Member States, in cooperation with the relevant institutions, such as Europol, to coordinate efforts and set up accessible information, data, tracking and reporting mechanisms to improve the documentation of cases of transnational repression on their territories and facilitate a rapid reaction and investigation where necessary; calls on the EEAS to enhance the network of focal points for targeted HRDs and individuals in EU delegations, who are tasked with raising cases with the authorities in the relevant capital city; believes that such mechanisms should be accessible to civil society, allowing for their input to be duly registered;

23. Calls on the Commission to establish a centralised mapping mechanism to identify, monitor and assess incidents and share alerts of transnational repression against HRDs located in the EU, which will help to identify gaps in EU policy, formulate adequate strategic responses and support coordinated action among Member States;

24. Calls on the Member States to codify transnational repression in their national legislation, with the aim of supporting government institutions in identifying and preventing transnational repression; calls on the Member States to establish national focal points within their governments for potential and actual victims of transnational repression and to provide a toolkit explaining how to report instances thereof;

25. Calls on the Member States, Europol and the EU Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL) to provide training on transnational repression awareness, counterstrategies and specific risk assessment protocols to relevant government agencies, external service providers and their staff, especially cybersecurity, law enforcement and immigration officers and staff tasked with handling visa applications and reviewing extradition requests and other forms of legal cooperation with non-EU countries, with a focus on digital surveillance, retaliation risks and misuse of legal mechanisms;

Addressing the risks posed by digital technologies as enablers of transnational repression

26. Calls for the EU and its Member States to recognise, prevent and tackle digital forms of transnational repression, including disinformation campaigns targeting HRDs, and to ensure that HRDs are protected against online harassment, intimidation and censorship, regardless of the origin of the service provider, the location of the digital infrastructure or the tools used; calls on the EU Member States to criminalise foreign intelligence activities targeting dissidents in exile as a form of digital transnational repression;

27. Asks the Member States to apply strict oversight of spyware and surveillance markets and operations, including by applying mandatory human rights due diligence and the EU Dual-Use Regulation for all EU-based technology exporters and to repeal the export of licences for spyware to countries with documented transnational repression and human rights violations, where there is a foreseeable risk that these tools will be used to silence or punish human rights advocacy or dissent; recalls the 2024 Commission Guidelines on the export of cyber-surveillance items, which aim to raise awareness of the risks associated with the misuse of cyber-surveillance technologies and provide exporters with practical tools to evaluate human rights situations;

28. Calls on the Member States to establish easily accessible and safe reporting mechanisms, designed to respect and protect user privacy, to enable HRDs living in exile or in diaspora communities to raise concerns about digital transnational repression with relevant government agencies; stresses the need to recognise the specific challenge of gender-based digital transnational repression and the particular consequences of this type of repression for women HRDs;

29. Calls for the EU and its Member States to ensure that private actors, particularly in the technology sector, are held accountable for their role in cases where they enable digital transnational repression; further calls for the publication of transparency reports and for the establishment of effective grievance mechanisms that are accessible to HRDs and other at-risk individuals;

Ensuring accountability and applying sanctions

30. Calls for the EU to hold states and regimes committing transnational repression accountable for human rights violations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and to consider imposing targeted sanctions on those states and on perpetrators of transnational repression against HRDs; urges the EU to support victims of transnational repression in seeking redress through strategic litigation before the European Court of Human Rights;

31. Denounces the fact that transnational repression also takes place on EU Member State soil and in some cases with Member State complicity in transnational repression; notes that transnational repression is also enabled through collaboration between governments;

32. Stresses that the EU and its Member States must uphold human rights due diligence in their engagements with governments known to engage in or enable transnational repression against HRDs;

33. Calls for the EU to increase funding for ProtectDefenders.eu, broaden its mandate to include HRDs at risk of transnational repression within the EU and increase funding for civil society organisations active in the protection of HRDs and individuals at risk;

34. Calls on the Commission to proactively engage and further collaborate with Interpol and the UN, including by developing a common security framework for transnational repression in order to put an end to the abusive and politically motivated use of red notices, blue notices, diffusions and extradition requests; calls for Europol’s mandate to include transnational repression and the assessment of related incidents and Interpol notices targeting HRDs and other individuals; calls on the Member States to exercise the utmost caution when considering requests for arrest and extradition from regimes that have in the past abused red notices;

35. Calls for the EU and its Member States to use all available tools to protect HRDs and targeted individuals and reinforce national sovereignty and democratic values, including sanctions under the EU global human rights sanctions regime (EU GHRSR/EU Magnitsky Act), visa bans and the expulsion of diplomats known to have engaged in acts of transnational repression; urges the Vice-President of the Commission / High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the Member States to include transnational repression as a sanctionable category under the EU GHRSR and to list individuals found to be perpetrators of transnational repression; warns that failure to prevent and respond to transnational repression risks undermining the EU’s credibility as a safe haven for those fleeing persecution and defending human rights;

36. Calls for the EU, its Member States, the Commission and the EEAS to mobilise and coordinate all their instruments to address transnational repression, and intensify diplomatic relations, including through EU delegations, to prevent and deter transnational repression tactics by non-EU countries and to highlight these incidents via public statements, thus increasing public awareness; calls for enhanced coordination with like-minded partner countries, in the context of the G7 and other relevant international forums;

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37. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and the Commission.